Hunting was especially important in winter and spring months when plant foods were scarce. Nets and the atlatl to hunt water fowl, ducks, small animals and antelope. At the latest by 9500 BCE, bands of hunters wandered as far south as Arizona, where they found a desert grassland and hunted mule deer, antelope and other small mammals.Īs populations of larger game began to diminish, possibly as a result of intense hunting and rapid environmental changes, Late Paleoindian groups would come to rely more on other facets of their subsistence pattern, including increased hunting of bison, mule deer and antelope. Big game, including bison, mammoths and ground sloths, also were attracted to these water sources. These paleolithic people utilized the environment that they lived in near water sources, including rivers, swamps and marshes, which had an abundance of fish, and drew birds and game animals. Paleoindian groups were efficient hunters and created and carried a variety of tools, some highly specialized, for hunting, butchering and hide processing. These people were likely characterized by highly mobile bands of approximately 20 or 50 members of an extended family, moving from place to place as resources were depleted and additional supplies needed. The traveling groups also collected and utilized a wide variety of smaller game animals, fish, and a wide variety of plants. According to most archaeologists, the Paleo-Indians initially followed herds of big game- megafauna such as mammoths, mastodons, and bison -into North America. Paleo-Indians settled what is now Arizona around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. The Pima Villages often sold fresh food and provided relief to distressed travelers among this throng and to others in subsequent years. During the California Gold Rush, an upwards of 50,000 people traveled through on the Southern Emigrant Trail pioneered by Cooke, to reach the gold fields in 1849. the northern 70% of modern-day Arizona above the Sonora border along the Gila River. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexico ceded to the U.S. In the Mexican–American War, the garrison commander avoided conflict with Lieutenant Colonel Cooke and the Mormon Battalion, withdrawing while the Americans marched through the town on their way to California. Dramatic growth came after 1945, as retirees and young families who appreciated the warm weather and low costs emigrated from the Northeast and Midwest. Arizona became a state in 1912 but was primarily rural with an economy based on cattle, cotton, citrus, and copper. The remoteness of the region was eased by the arrival of railroads in 1880. In 1863, Arizona was split off from the Territory of New Mexico to form the Arizona Territory. By means of the Gadsden Purchase, the United States secured the northern part of the state of Sonora, which is now Arizona south of the Gila River in 1854. In 1848, under the terms of the Mexican Cession the United States took possession of Arizona above the Gila River after the Mexican War, and became part of the Territory of New Mexico. Arizona was part of the state of Sonora, Mexico from 1822, but the settled population was small. Today, countless ancient ruins can be found in Arizona. However, all of these civilizations mysteriously disappeared from the region in the 15th and 16th centuries. A few thousand years ago, the Ancestral Puebloan, the Hohokam, the Mogollon and the Sinagua cultures inhabited the state. About 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, Paleo-Indians settled in what is now Arizona. The history of Arizona encompasses the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Post-Archaic, Spanish, Mexican, and American periods. 1895 map of the Arizona Territory by Rand McNally. The Kinishba Ruins are one building that has over 600 rooms. See also: Timeline of Arizona history Keet Seel cliff dwellings Panorama of Kinishba Ruins, an ancient Mogollon great house.
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